Source / pinned edition
Quarks
Source of package openstax.particles · OpenStax University Physics, ch. 11 Particle Physics and Cosmology, module m58771
- work
- urn:openstax:clir:particles#M58771
- number
- OpenStax University Physics, ch. 11 Particle Physics and Cosmology, module m58771
- kind
- urn:openstax:clir:particles#treatise
m58771/index.cnxml at commit d0ed34a (main, 2026-06-11)
- edition
- urn:openstax:clir:particles#M58771_MAIN
- language
- en
- officiality
- official
- materialisation
- PINNED_OFFICIAL_BYTES
- life cycle
- adopted: 2026-06-11
Publications
| URI | Type | documentHash | Retrieved |
|---|---|---|---|
| https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openstax/osbooks-university-physics-bundle/d0ed34a5851119a42e3d972dfc0ff49e4663977c/modules/m58771/index.cnxml | application/xml; charset=utf-8 | sha256:c998bf417d7d919a595ecd0509f9ae7c533d5549b62ba6c67c6c42124f6b58c5 | 2026-09-06T00:00:00Z |
Fragments — 4
module/m58771#fs-id1172100956981 · defn
en · official · sha256:0195dd555db63ef843d62ea13a7f6bbef7a051fb8837068be608f11e2a26b9a4
<definition id="fs-id1172100956981">
<term>color</term>
<meaning id="fs-id1172100956986">property of particles and that plays the same role in strong nuclear interactions as electric charge does in electromagnetic interactions</meaning>
</definition>module/m58771#fs-id1172100614729 · section
en · official · sha256:c953ea4448f024c37195a2d0a5f8e09112466915f49e4035882514c5d04bf71c
<para id="fs-id1172100614729">Mesons are formed by two quarks—a quark-antiquark pair. Sample mesons, including quark content and properties, are given in <link target-id="fs-id1172098320429"/>. Consider the formation of the pion (<m:math><m:mrow><m:msup><m:mi>π</m:mi><m:mo>+</m:mo></m:msup><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mi>u</m:mi><m:mover><m:mi>d</m:mi><m:mtext>−</m:mtext></m:mover></m:mrow></m:math>). Based on its quark content, the charge of the pion is</para>module/m58771#fs-id1172098376464 · section · referenced by: 1
en · official · sha256:5b28ae3bfe3194b0c68e9f8f1cc541c49cb290b2d3bbb3532cc9bc21c0c525c2
<para id="fs-id1172098376464">A proton consists of two up quarks and one down quark. The total charge of a proton is therefore <m:math><m:mrow><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mfrac><m:mn>2</m:mn><m:mn>3</m:mn></m:mfrac><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mfrac><m:mn>2</m:mn><m:mn>3</m:mn></m:mfrac><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mfrac><m:mn>1</m:mn><m:mn>3</m:mn></m:mfrac><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mn>1</m:mn><m:mo>.</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math></para>Referencing norms: ChargeIsTheSumOfQuarkCharges
module/m58771#fs-id1172098462103 · section · referenced by: 4
en · official · sha256:7dbd76d331c541aaff1634fc965138667f0495bdfde4592dfb7fe04a9dd43375
<para id="fs-id1172098462103">As mentioned earlier, quarks bind together in groups of two or three to form hadrons. Baryons are formed from three quarks. Sample baryons, including quark content and properties, are given in <link target-id="fs-id1172100799766"/>. Interestingly, the delta plus (<m:math><m:mrow><m:msup><m:mtext>Δ</m:mtext><m:mo>+</m:mo></m:msup></m:mrow></m:math>) baryon is formed from the same three quarks as the proton, but the total spin of the particle is 3/2 rather than 1/2. Similarly, the mass of <m:math><m:mrow><m:msup><m:mtext>Δ</m:mtext><m:mo>+</m:mo></m:msup></m:mrow></m:math> with spin 3/2 is 1.3 times the mass of the proton, and the delta zero (<m:math><m:mrow><m:msup><m:mtext>Δ</m:mtext><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msup></m:mrow></m:math>) baryon with a spin 3/2 is 1.3 times the neutron mass. Evidently, the energy associated with the spin (or angular momentum) of the particle contributes to its mass energy. It is also interesting that no baryons are believed to exist with top quarks, because top quarks decay too quickly to bind to the other quarks in their production.</para>Referencing norms: QuarkCountIsTheSumOfTheContent, down_quarks, strange_quarks, up_quarks
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