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Limits at Infinity and Asymptotes

Source of package openstax.calculus_limits · OpenStax Calculus, ch. 4 Applications of Derivatives, module m53596

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urn:openstax:clir:calculus-limits#M53596
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OpenStax Calculus, ch. 4 Applications of Derivatives, module m53596
kind
urn:openstax:clir:calculus-limits#treatise

m53596/index.cnxml at commit 8dbc2ce (main, 2026-07-15)

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urn:openstax:clir:calculus-limits#M53596_MAIN
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en
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official
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PINNED_OFFICIAL_BYTES
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adopted: 2026-07-15

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module/m53596#fs-id1165042633662 · section · referenced by: 1

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<section id="fs-id1165042633662" class="key-concepts"> <title>Key Concepts</title> <list id="fs-id1165042633670" list-type="bulleted" bullet-style="bullet"> <item>The limit of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> is <m:math><m:mi>L</m:mi></m:math> as <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo stretchy="false">→</m:mo><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> (or as <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo stretchy="false">→</m:mo><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mi>∞</m:mi><m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> if the values <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> become arbitrarily close to <m:math><m:mi>L</m:mi></m:math> as <m:math><m:mi>x</m:mi></m:math> becomes sufficiently large.</item> <item>The limit of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> is <m:math><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:math> as <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo stretchy="false">→</m:mo><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> if <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> becomes arbitrarily large as <m:math><m:mi>x</m:mi></m:math> becomes sufficiently large. The limit of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> is <m:math><m:mrow><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> as <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo stretchy="false">→</m:mo><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> if <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow><m:mo>&lt;</m:mo><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:mrow></m:math> and <m:math><m:mrow><m:mrow><m:mo>|</m:mo><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow><m:mo>|</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> becomes arbitrarily large as <m:math><m:mi>x</m:mi></m:math> becomes sufficiently large. We can define the limit of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> as <m:math><m:mi>x</m:mi></m:math> approaches <m:math><m:mrow><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> similarly.</item> <item>For a polynomial function <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>p</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub><m:msup><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msup><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mi>n</m:mi><m:mo>−</m:mo><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:mrow></m:msub><m:msup><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mi>n</m:mi><m:mo>−</m:mo><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:mrow></m:msup><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mtext>…</m:mtext><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> where <m:math><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub><m:mo>≠</m:mo><m:mn>0</m:mn><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> the end behavior is determined by the leading term <m:math><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub><m:msup><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msup><m:mo>.</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> If <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>n</m:mi><m:mo>≠</m:mo><m:mn>0</m:mn><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>p</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:math> approaches <m:math><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:math> or <m:math><m:mrow><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> at each end.</item> <item>For a rational function <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mfrac><m:mrow><m:mi>p</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mrow><m:mo>(</m:mo><m:mi>x</m:mi><m:mo>)</m:mo></m:mrow></m:mrow></m:mfrac><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> the end behavior is determined by the relationship between the degree of <m:math><m:mi>p</m:mi></m:math> and the degree of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mo>.</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> If the degree of <m:math><m:mi>p</m:mi></m:math> is less than the degree of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> the line <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>y</m:mi><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:mrow></m:math> is a horizontal asymptote for <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>f</m:mi><m:mo>.</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> If the degree of <m:math><m:mi>p</m:mi></m:math> is equal to the degree of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> then the line <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>y</m:mi><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mfrac><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub></m:mrow><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>b</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub></m:mrow></m:mfrac></m:mrow></m:math> is a horizontal asymptote, where <m:math><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>a</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub></m:mrow></m:math> and <m:math><m:mrow><m:msub><m:mi>b</m:mi><m:mi>n</m:mi></m:msub></m:mrow></m:math> are the leading coefficients of <m:math><m:mi>p</m:mi></m:math> and <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> respectively. If the degree of <m:math><m:mi>p</m:mi></m:math> is greater than the degree of <m:math><m:mrow><m:mi>q</m:mi><m:mo>,</m:mo></m:mrow></m:math> then <m:math><m:mi>f</m:mi></m:math> approaches <m:math><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:math> or <m:math><m:mrow><m:mtext>−</m:mtext><m:mi>∞</m:mi></m:mrow></m:math> at each end.</item> </list> </section>

Referencing norms: JustifyLimitAtInfinityRational17

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