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upon the forfeiture it reverts to the society, and the people have a right to act as supreme"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Legislative"}},{"id":"v1","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Government"}},{"id":"v2","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Society"}},{"id":"v3","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#People"}}]},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S222"],"body":{"items":[{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v1"},{"kind":"var","var":"v2"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#government_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v3"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#devolves_to_the_people"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v3"},{"kind":"var","var":"v2"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#people_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"}],"kind":"and"},"contentHash":"sha256:5231fe965f41daec3a2718e2ac5a5f21d4e685680af0724a3d76b20c9a8b0afd","head":{"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#ResumeOriginalLiberty","kind":"norm_template_ref"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#ForfeitureGivesPowerToErectNewLegislative","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Legislative"}},{"id":"v1","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Government"}},{"id":"v2","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Society"}},{"id":"v3","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#People"}}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:e525f0922bfa9fb828ec8db17d4a0ee9cdf16ecd717e087feab7d6984b6a620e","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Government","kind":"type_decl","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"government"}],"name":"Government","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","typeKind":"entity"},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S215"],"body":{"items":[{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v1"},{"kind":"var","var":"v2"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#prince_hinders_legislative"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_in_concurrence_of_three"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v2"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#prince_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"}],"kind":"and"},"contentHash":"sha256:68b8e7ef46a2b87f5e08e6ad76874c32c9f6130acfa2b9373951be515da44e62","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_altered"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#HinderingTheLegislativeAltersIt","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"when the prince hinders the legislative from assembling in its due time, or from acting freely, pursuant to those ends for which it was constituted, the legislative is altered"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Prince"}},{"id":"v1","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Legislative"}},{"id":"v2","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Government"}}]},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S50"],"contentHash":"sha256:63e3dfb26f6535017bff475bc228d2f8006ff25c70ba53d6e032fd615c15f7d6","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#HoardDurables","kind":"norm_template","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"gold and silver may be hoarded up without injury to any one; these metals not spoiling or decaying in the hands of the possessor"}],"modality":"liberty","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","payload":{"action":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"function":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#hoarded_beyond_use","kind":"call"},"holder":{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},"kind":"liberty","window":{"end":{"kind":"value","type":{"name":"urn:law:std#Text"},"value":"infinity"},"endInclusive":false,"kind":"interval","start":{"kind":"value","type":{"name":"urn:law:std#Date"},"value":"1690-01-01"},"startInclusive":true}}},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S224"],"body":{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#people_generally_ill_treated"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},"contentHash":"sha256:6c56c3d20d905c6ea8c7d963ae7b7f73f335b36455f10a21a3f0045eac28ffd1","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#ready_to_ease_themselves"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#IllTreatedPeopleRiseAnyway","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"no more than any other hypothesis: the people generally ill treated, and contrary to right, will be ready upon any occasion to ease themselves of a burden that sits heavy upon them"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"defeasible","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#People"}}]},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S221"],"body":{"items":[{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#invades_property_of_subject"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_acts_contrary_to_trust"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"}],"kind":"and"},"contentHash":"sha256:2bafa111ce2a15c5b9c78c205fb9e54ac4c46458a2ec29685680d0ef8a53e151","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_trust_broken_established"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#InvadingPropertyIsAgainstTrust","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"the legislative acts against the trust reposed in them, when they endeavour to invade the property of the subject"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Legislative"}},{"id":"v1","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Government"}}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:aaff20697a50885192f5725212e1cdeb7d27153713762bd8f1d5caea2962cda6","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S211","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/211","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:a1b37ff5f74ff0a1ad8e03b5935095285eede065de47681f2ae08965da647dc6","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 211. HE that will with any clearness speak of the dissolution of\ngovernment, ought in the first place to distinguish between the\ndissolution of the society and the dissolution of the government. That\nwhich makes the community, and brings men out of the loose state of\nnature, into one politic society, is the agreement which every one has\nwith the rest to incorporate, and act as one body, and so be one\ndistinct commonwealth. The usual, and almost only way whereby this\nunion is dissolved, is the inroad of foreign force making a conquest\nupon them: for in that case, (not being able to maintain and support\nthemselves, as one intire and independent body) the union belonging to\nthat body which consisted therein, must necessarily cease, and so every\none return to the state he was in before, with a liberty to shift for\nhimself, and provide for his own safety, as he thinks fit, in some other\nsociety. Whenever the society is dissolved, it is certain the government\nof that society cannot remain. Thus conquerors swords often cut up\ngovernments by the roots, and mangle societies to pieces, separating the\nsubdued or scattered multitude from the protection of, and dependence\non, that society which ought to have preserved them from violence. The\nworld is too well instructed in, and too forward to allow of, this way\nof dissolving of governments, to need any more to be said of it; and\nthere wants not much argument to prove, that where the society is\ndissolved, the government cannot remain; that being as impossible, as\nfor the frame of an house to subsist when the materials of it are\nscattered and dissipated by a whirl-wind, or jumbled into a confused\nheap by an earthquake."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a547f2e10eadeebef357e0c6326a74e2465835166eee84d92978c2f9a4de1b93","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S212","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/212","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:cac5217480e9d5f9eaa98afc7cfb30d8ec4957b8b2f15d30f78947614ab4dbbf","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 212. Besides this over-turning from without, governments are\ndissolved from within.\n\nFirst, When the legislative is altered. Civil society being a state of\npeace, amongst those who are of it, from whom the state of war is\nexcluded by the umpirage, which they have provided in their legislative,\nfor the ending all differences that may arise amongst any of them, it is\nin their legislative, that the members of a commonwealth are united, and\ncombined together into one coherent living body. This is the soul that\ngives form, life, and unity, to the commonwealth: from hence the\nseveral members have their mutual influence, sympathy, and connexion:\nand therefore, when the legislative is broken, or dissolved, dissolution\nand death follows: for the essence and union of the society consisting\nin having one will, the legislative, when once established by the\nmajority, has the declaring, and as it were keeping of that will. The\nconstitution of the legislative is the first and fundamental act of\nsociety, whereby provision is made for the continuation of their union,\nunder the direction of persons, and bonds of laws, made by persons\nauthorized thereunto, by the consent and appointment of the people,\nwithout which no one man, or number of men, amongst them, can have\nauthority of making laws that shall be binding to the rest. When any\none, or more, shall take upon them to make laws, whom the people have\nnot appointed so to do, they make laws without authority, which the\npeople are not therefore bound to obey; by which means they come again\nto be out of subjection, and may constitute to themselves a new\nlegislative, as they think best, being in full liberty to resist the\nforce of those, who without authority would impose any thing upon them.\nEvery one is at the disposure of his own will, when those who had, by\nthe delegation of the society, the declaring of the public will, are\nexcluded from it, and others usurp the place, who have no such authority\nor delegation."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:73242eb289f9aead712eaff4cd3690c1c9bb890d0cea5fd8dcacc2a40fd0501d","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S213","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/213","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:2539d0bd0d16d6c23d82ffe8dc96b2123a99789c6c4c3c4ce163568ab7c82237","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 213. This being usually brought about by such in the commonwealth\nwho misuse the power they have; it is hard to consider it aright, and\nknow at whose door to lay it, without knowing the form of government in\nwhich it happens. Let us suppose then the legislative placed in the\nconcurrence of three distinct persons.\n\n(1). A single hereditary person, having the constant, supreme,\nexecutive power, and with it the power of convoking and dissolving the\nother two within certain periods of time.\n\n(2). An assembly of hereditary nobility.\n\n(3). An assembly of representatives chosen, pro tempore, by the\npeople. Such a form of government supposed, it is evident,"}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:63d86429bfa071a702c7c7e6b779ebd5a036935fe53f9d04bc674eccba69618d","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S214","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/214","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:4610bd9bb83b38bf9e4f5e8de886a6ff0674a6df183bccd45109c63333fae016","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 214. First, That when such a single person, or prince, sets up his\nown arbitrary will in place of the laws, which are the will of the\nsociety, declared by the legislative, then the legislative is changed:\nfor that being in effect the legislative, whose rules and laws are put\nin execution, and required to be obeyed; when other laws are set up, and\nother rules pretended, and inforced, than what the legislative,\nconstituted by the society, have enacted, it is plain that the\nlegislative is changed. Whoever introduces new laws, not being thereunto\nauthorized by the fundamental appointment of the society, or subverts\nthe old, disowns and overturns the power by which they were made, and so\nsets up a new legislative."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a845006ec0734f5d3d430665593e1663625225968a4a4f2756aeeb4f9a7c4aa1","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S215","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/215","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:b36c0e6dc9b7f052c10dc985723582b593f9f3364578777284f631a6e186cd63","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 215. Secondly, When the prince hinders the legislative from\nassembling in its due time, or from acting freely, pursuant to those\nends for which it was constituted, the legislative is altered: for it is\nnot a certain number of men, no, nor their meeting, unless they have\nalso freedom of debating, and leisure of perfecting, what is for the\ngood of the society, wherein the legislative consists: when these are\ntaken away or altered, so as to deprive the society of the due exercise\nof their power, the legislative is truly altered; for it is not names\nthat constitute governments, but the use and exercise of those powers\nthat were intended to accompany them; so that he, who takes away the\nfreedom, or hinders the acting of the legislative in its due seasons, in\neffect takes away the legislative, and puts an end to the government."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:100db938a0560fc7d456c2c97f569abaef3a1f277a957208e32ca8cc01fd9d55","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S216","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/216","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:7fac3ea181e318075bb4f507b12597f0fa825a54b7e83b539855d5df1bb39573","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 216. Thirdly, When, by the arbitrary power of the prince, the\nelectors, or ways of election, are altered, without the consent, and\ncontrary to the common interest of the people, there also the\nlegislative is altered: for, if others than those whom the society hath\nauthorized thereunto, do chuse, or in another way than what the society\nhath prescribed, those chosen are not the legislative appointed by the\npeople."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:1be65468fb757786a3cec822a19b9912e4cc846baa54fb24c99aed4f9ba21f82","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S217","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/217","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:8d3b938fb76dad359a1c4eaeb7000f64c5f0f691e00e1081c3dd7c9bbe631c5d","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 217. Fourthly, The delivery also of the people into the subjection\nof a foreign power, either by the prince, or by the legislative, is\ncertainly a change of the legislative, and so a dissolution of the\ngovernment: for the end why people entered into society being to be\npreserved one intire, free, independent society, to be governed by its\nown laws; this is lost, whenever they are given up into the power of\nanother."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:2110b94c867754deab4711205385eef3e689a6fe0c63b67b81e0cc1c5d1b06dc","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S218","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/218","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:7cd2e70a4a58fd633e2ed3d09b59302a140990ad42856f2dd79dec2629e468a2","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 218. Why, in such a constitution as this, the dissolution of the\ngovernment in these cases is to be imputed to the prince, is evident;\nbecause he, having the force, treasure and offices of the state to\nemploy, and often persuading himself, or being flattered by others, that\nas supreme magistrate he is uncapable of controul; he alone is in a\ncondition to make great advances toward such changes, under pretence of\nlawful authority, and has it in his hands to terrify or suppress\nopposers, as factious, seditious, and enemies to the government: whereas\nno other part of the legislative, or people, is capable by themselves to\nattempt any alteration of the legislative, without open and visible\nrebellion, apt enough to be taken notice of, which, when it prevails,\nproduces effects very little different from foreign conquest. Besides,\nthe prince in such a form of government, having the power of dissolving\nthe other parts of the legislative, and thereby rendering them private\npersons, they can never in opposition to him, or without his\nconcurrence, alter the legislative by a law, his consent being necessary\nto give any of their decrees that sanction. But yet, so far as the other\nparts of the legislative any way contribute to any attempt upon the\ngovernment, and do either promote, or not, what lies in them, hinder\nsuch designs, they are guilty, and partake in this, which is certainly\nthe greatest crime which men can partake of one towards another."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:8e760698d805c40986a480e08977614b5cb79d3ec99606b7d21226bb762c2f36","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S219","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/219","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:2c002e13570e907a0b0200a8fffc69e15672316510e3dbed7464e1eb82868f8a","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sec. 219.There is one way more whereby such a government may be\ndissolved, and that is: When he who has the supreme executive power,\nneglects and abandons that charge, so that the laws already made can no\nlonger be put in execution. This is demonstratively to reduce all to\nanarchy, and so effectually to dissolve the government: for laws not\nbeing made for themselves, but to be, by their execution, the bonds of\nthe society, to keep every part of the body politic in its due place and\nfunction; when that totally ceases, the government visibly ceases, and\nthe people become a confused multitude, without order or connexion.\nWhere there is no longer the administration of justice, for the securing\nof men’s rights, nor any remaining power within the community to direct\nthe force, or provide for the necessities of the public, there certainly\nis no government left. Where the laws cannot be executed, it is all one\nas if there were no laws; and a government without laws is, I suppose, a\nmystery in politics, unconceivable to human capacity, and inconsistent\nwith human society."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:bb0b22622be185c9b43c13d67dfb1555e6db67ea48cb37ccb46f7910741db0aa","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S220","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/220","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:816244e9bb61aa6cf1565f84051841ead2ad8c8a8f8596f9bd951d7750603ce1","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 220. In these and the like cases, when the government is\ndissolved, the people are at liberty to provide for themselves, by\nerecting a new legislative, differing from the other, by the change of\npersons, or form, or both, as they shall find it most for their safety\nand good: for the society can never, by the fault of another, lose the\nnative and original right it has to preserve itself, which can only be\ndone by a settled legislative, and a fair and impartial execution of the\nlaws made by it. But the state of mankind is not so miserable that they\nare not capable of using this remedy, till it be too late to look for\nany. To tell people they may provide for themselves, by erecting a new\nlegislative, when by oppression, artifice, or being delivered over to a\nforeign power, their old one is gone, is only to tell them, they may\nexpect relief when it is too late, and the evil is past cure. This is in\neffect no more than to bid them first be slaves, and then to take care\nof their liberty; and when their chains are on, tell them, they may act\nlike freemen. This, if barely so, is rather mockery than relief; and men\ncan never be secure from tyranny, if there be no means to escape it till\nthey are perfectly under it: and therefore it is, that they have not\nonly a right to get out of it, but to prevent it."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:9462743b6b58ef8b74e57d398dba30d671a9fe0b7d0f327f66041d667cde2596","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S221","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/221","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:4b6bb4b0dd65c8d01635d836daca18eebbaf782018f1f84412df27597c8c35b4","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 221. There is therefore, secondly, another way whereby governments\nare dissolved, and that is, when the legislative, or the prince, either\nof them, act contrary to their trust.\n\nFirst, The legislative acts against the trust reposed in them, when they\nendeavour to invade the property of the subject, and to make themselves,\nor any part of the community, masters, or arbitrary disposers of the\nlives, liberties, or fortunes of the people."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a5d62d0b13c6e8fc2cc3748e96a4f2931087771fef96b8f9290fa2296dcd6a35","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S222","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/222","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:9185a2ef7c8a58ab2cb2843d5e9421a1f25cd52844f4c738771dc24d09c64891","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 222. The reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of\ntheir property; and the end why they chuse and authorize a legislative,\nis, that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards and fences to\nthe properties of all the members of the society, to limit the power,\nand moderate the dominion, of every part and member of the society: for\nsince it can never be supposed to be the will of the society, that the\nlegislative should have a power to destroy that which every one designs\nto secure, by entering into society, and for which the people submitted\nthemselves to legislators of their own making; whenever the legislators\nendeavour to take away, and destroy the property of the people, or to\nreduce them to slavery under arbitrary power, they put themselves into a\nstate of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any\nfarther obedience, and are left to the common refuge, which God hath\nprovided for all men, against force and violence. Whensoever therefore\nthe legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and\neither by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavour to grasp\nthemselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over\nthe lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust\nthey forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite\ncontrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume\ntheir original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative,\n(such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and\nsecurity, which is the end for which they are in society. What I have\nsaid here, concerning the legislative in general, holds true also\nconcerning the supreme executor, who having a double trust put in him,\nboth to have a part in the legislative, and the supreme execution of the\nlaw, acts against both, when he goes about to set up his own arbitrary\nwill as the law of the society. He acts also contrary to his trust, when\nhe either employs the force, treasure, and offices of the society, to\ncorrupt the representatives, and gain them to his purposes; or openly\npreengages the electors, and prescribes to their choice, such, whom he\nhas, by sollicitations, threats, promises, or otherwise, won to his\ndesigns; and employs them to bring in such, who have promised\nbefore-hand what to vote, and what to enact. Thus to regulate candidates\nand electors, and new-model the ways of election, what is it but to cut\nup the government by the roots, and poison the very fountain of public\nsecurity? for the people having reserved to themselves the choice of\ntheir representatives, as the fence to their properties, could do it for\nno other end, but that they might always be freely chosen, and so\nchosen, freely act, and advise, as the necessity of the commonwealth,\nand the public good should, upon examination, and mature debate, be\njudged to require. This, those who give their votes before they hear the\ndebate, and have weighed the reasons on all sides, are not capable of\ndoing. To prepare such an assembly as this, and endeavour to set up the\ndeclared abettors of his own will, for the true representatives of the\npeople, and the law-makers of the society, is certainly as great a\nbreach of trust, and as perfect a declaration of a design to subvert the\ngovernment, as is possible to be met with. To which, if one shall add\nrewards and punishments visibly employed to the same end, and all the\narts of perverted law made use of, to take off and destroy all that\nstand in the way of such a design, and will not comply and consent to\nbetray the liberties of their country, it will be past doubt what is\ndoing. What power they ought to have in the society, who thus employ it\ncontrary to the trust went along with it in its first institution, is\neasy to determine; and one cannot but see, that he, who has once\nattempted any such thing as this, cannot any longer be trusted."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:3145c2a457711757154939c8427281c1974aec81b758dd3ec7ca00eec033b5a3","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S223","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/223","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:30b124dd137d5bdd50e1606ca5e4bf932c13db910ca23c69b67ea9d67136e538","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 223. To this perhaps it will be said, that the people being\nignorant, and always discontented, to lay the foundation of government\nin the unsteady opinion and uncertain humour of the people, is to expose\nit to certain ruin; and no government will be able long to subsist, if\nthe people may set up a new legislative, whenever they take offence at\nthe old one. To this I answer, Quite the contrary. People are not so\neasily got out of their old forms, as some are apt to suggest. They are\nhardly to be prevailed with to amend the acknowledged faults in the\nframe they have been accustomed to. And if there be any original\ndefects, or adventitious ones introduced by time, or corruption; it is\nnot an easy thing to get them changed, even when all the world sees\nthere is an opportunity for it. This slowness and aversion in the people\nto quit their old constitutions, has, in the many revolutions which have\nbeen seen in this kingdom, in this and former ages, still kept us to,\nor, after some interval of fruitless attempts, still brought us back\nagain to our old legislative of king, lords and commons: and whatever\nprovocations have made the crown be taken from some of our princes\nheads, they never carried the people so far as to place it in another\nline."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:f7ee47b27f566399f9d94251157aa839964bf711ebca98c0beba7a1ee2cbbc95","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S224","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/224","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:9d2e5efe8429a2364469b249eba92244167deb31d1e5a7d5042ec76cbbfda12b","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 224. But it will be said, this hypothesis lays a ferment for\nfrequent rebellion. To which I answer,\n\nFirst, No more than any other hypothesis: for when the people are made\nmiserable, and find themselves exposed to the ill usage of arbitrary\npower, cry up their governors, as much as you will, for sons of Jupiter;\nlet them be sacred and divine, descended, or authorized from heaven;\ngive them out for whom or what you please, the same will happen. The\npeople generally ill treated, and contrary to right, will be ready upon\nany occasion to ease themselves of a burden that sits heavy upon them.\nThey will wish, and seek for the opportunity, which in the change,\nweakness and accidents of human affairs, seldom delays long to offer\nitself. He must have lived but a little while in the world, who has not\nseen examples of this in his time; and he must have read very little,\nwho cannot produce examples of it in all sorts of governments in the\nworld."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:aea0fca2ffcbb2d1f58cd7e71daee347439f4705930aa93db6fc93abc0b2cca1","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S225","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/225","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5e63f1713f85cbf617c284fbc02f22986958c978c7fbb12db26bd8ff96575294","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 225. Secondly, I answer, such revolutions happen not upon every\nlittle mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling\npart, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human\nfrailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a\nlong train of abuses, prevarications and artifices, all tending the same\nway, make the design visible to the people, and they cannot but feel\nwhat they lie under, and see whither they are going; it is not to be\nwondered, that they should then rouze themselves, and endeavour to put\nthe rule into such hands which may secure to them the ends for which\ngovernment was at first erected; and without which, ancient names, and\nspecious forms, are so far from being better, that they are much worse,\nthan the state of nature, or pure anarchy; the inconveniencies being all\nas great and as near, but the remedy farther off and more difficult."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:7846be7e559bb33952b50af3d199cc7b61fef78d81fb2dd2c58bd013a4339dfc","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S226","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/226","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:4ffda18c3bcf96af7f1b721a8212fcf6db5e898c5ed505b31a18d75b06186bc7","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 226. Thirdly, I answer, that this doctrine of a power in the\npeople of providing for their safety a-new, by a new legislative, when\ntheir legislators have acted contrary to their trust, by invading their\nproperty, is the best fence against rebellion, and the probablest means\nto hinder it: for rebellion being an opposition, not to persons, but\nauthority, which is founded only in the constitutions and laws of the\ngovernment; those, whoever they be, who by force break through, and by\nforce justify their violation of them, are truly and properly rebels:\nfor when men, by entering into society and civil-government, have\nexcluded force, and introduced laws for the preservation of property,\npeace, and unity amongst themselves, those who set up force again in\nopposition to the laws, do rebellare, that is, bring back again the\nstate of war, and are properly rebels: which they who are in power, (by\nthe pretence they have to authority, the temptation of force they have\nin their hands, and the flattery of those about them) being likeliest to\ndo; the properest way to prevent the evil, is to shew them the danger\nand injustice of it, who are under the greatest temptation to run into\nit."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:b8eb14f5e5c34ce6b19ec8b7a2eb1533c86148c72bcdd4d092741f7526d58cf5","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S227","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/227","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:0ccf27c2fd833ef0fd0bc96cb92473fcf257450cd22e9dad0630e8169a23d8d0","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 227. In both the fore-mentioned cases, when either the legislative\nis changed, or the legislators act contrary to the end for which they\nwere constituted; those who are guilty are guilty of rebellion: for if\nany one by force takes away the established legislative of any society,\nand the laws by them made, pursuant to their trust, he thereby takes\naway the umpirage, which every one had consented to, for a peaceable\ndecision of all their controversies, and a bar to the state of war\namongst them. They, who remove, or change the legislative, take away\nthis decisive power, which no body can have, but by the appointment and\nconsent of the people; and so destroying the authority which the people\ndid, and no body else can set up, and introducing a power which the\npeople hath not authorized, they actually introduce a state of war,\nwhich is that of force without authority: and thus, by removing the\nlegislative established by the society, (in whose decisions the people\nacquiesced and united, as to that of their own will) they untie the\nknot, and expose the people a-new to the state of war, And if those, who\nby force take away the legislative, are rebels, the legislators\nthemselves, as has been shewn, can be no less esteemed so; when they,\nwho were set up for the protection, and preservation of the people,\ntheir liberties and properties, shall by force invade and endeavour to\ntake them away; and so they putting themselves into a state of war with\nthose who made them the protectors and guardians of their peace, are\nproperly, and with the greatest aggravation, rebellantes, rebels."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:10ec330217c3584e5fdb08fb9ce3a857b76af6186cf76e1c1c59389915c1399b","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S228","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/228","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5b07b50eeb59ea188ba0cf367aad41dc762b1552e5db17cda7671851e61da03d","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 228. But if they, who say it lays a foundation for rebellion, mean\nthat it may occasion civil wars, or intestine broils, to tell the people\nthey are absolved from obedience when illegal attempts are made upon\ntheir liberties or properties, and may oppose the unlawful violence of\nthose who were their magistrates, when they invade their properties\ncontrary to the trust put in them; and that therefore this doctrine is\nnot to be allowed, being so destructive to the peace of the world: they\nmay as well say, upon the same ground, that honest men may not oppose\nrobbers or pirates, because this may occasion disorder or bloodshed. If\nany mischief come in such cases, it is not to be charged upon him who\ndefends his own right, but on him that invades his neighbours. If the\ninnocent honest man must quietly quit all he has, for peace sake, to him\nwho will lay violent hands upon it, I desire it may be considered, what\na kind of peace there will be in the world, which consists only in\nviolence and rapine; and which is to be maintained only for the benefit\nof robbers and oppressors. Who would not think it an admirable peace\nbetwix the mighty and the mean, when the lamb, without resistance,\nyielded his throat to be torn by the imperious wolf? Polyphemus’s den\ngives us a perfect pattern of such a peace, and such a government,\nwherein Ulysses and his companions had nothing to do, but quietly to\nsuffer themselves to be devoured. And no doubt Ulysses, who was a\nprudent man, preached up passive obedience, and exhorted them to a quiet\nsubmission, by representing to them of what concernment peace was to\nmankind; and by shewing the inconveniences might happen, if they should\noffer to resist Polyphemus, who had now the power over them."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:d0a1c9ecd4cbe679d14308397beb97962794326da862b8c42f4c946c3750e159","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S229","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/229","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:d5b64a1cc952498cb55b8a14f915e7282942af74a45209ec4e6102c51a4de9d2","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 229. The end of government is the good of mankind; and which is\nbest for mankind, that the people should be always exposed to the\nboundless will of tyranny, or that the rulers should be sometimes liable\nto be opposed, when they grow exorbitant in the use of their power, and\nemploy it for the destruction, and not the preservation of the\nproperties of their people?"}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:2d5a749c0d09e28a7c44d44d1132abdf1846e3f55f132fc49d1c7b10f25b5d28","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S230","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/230","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:f4fbaa5ac0f3db7f698555dc42fdc5145250760ae74c2b8e21016cf74dad9f01","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 230. Nor let any one say, that mischief can arise from hence, as\noften as it shall please a busy head, or turbulent spirit, to desire the\nalteration of the government. It is true, such men may stir, whenever\nthey please; but it will be only to their own just ruin and perdition:\nfor till the mischief be grown general, and the ill designs of the\nrulers become visible, or their attempts sensible to the greater part,\nthe people, who are more disposed to suffer than right themselves by\nresistance, are not apt to stir. The examples of particular injustice,\nor oppression of here and there an unfortunate man, moves them not. But\nif they universally have a persuation, grounded upon manifest evidence,\nthat designs are carrying on against their liberties, and the general\ncourse and tendency of things cannot but give them strong suspicions of\nthe evil intention of their governors, who is to be blamed for it? Who\ncan help it, if they, who might avoid it, bring themselves into this\nsuspicion? Are the people to be blamed, if they have the sense of\nrational creatures, and can think of things no otherwise than as they\nfind and feel them? And is it not rather their fault, who put things\ninto such a posture, that they would not have them thought to be as they\nare? I grant, that the pride, ambition, and turbulency of private men\nhave sometimes caused great disorders in commonwealths, and factions\nhave been fatal to states and kingdoms. But whether the mischief hath\noftener begun in the peoples wantonness, and a desire to cast off the\nlawful authority of their rulers, or in the rulers insolence, and\nendeavours to get and exercise an arbitrary power over their people;\nwhether oppression, or disobedience, gave the first rise to the\ndisorder, I leave it to impartial history to determine. This I am sure,\nwhoever, either ruler or subject, by force goes about to invade the\nrights of either prince or people, and lays the foundation for\noverturning the constitution and frame of any just government, is highly\nguilty of the greatest crime, I think, a man is capable of, being to\nanswer for all those mischiefs of blood, rapine, and desolation, which\nthe breaking to pieces of governments bring on a country. And he who\ndoes it, is justly to be esteemed the common enemy and pest of mankind,\nand is to be treated accordingly."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:3708dacfe0d5abd8c1b03788ddf46ff8ba3cd27a51cda77f1710d3227b109e52","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S231","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/231","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:e521fa11090ec72c6e6f1f5c73b6efd62465d8ea73de3620db0964ba7cec283f","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 231. That subjects or foreigners, attempting by force on the\nproperties of any people, may be resisted with force, is agreed on all\nhands. But that magistrates, doing the same thing, may be resisted, hath\nof late been denied: as if those who had the greatest privileges and\nadvantages by the law, had thereby a power to break those laws, by which\nalone they were set in a better place than their brethren: whereas their\noffence is thereby the greater, both as being ungrateful for the greater\nshare they have by the law, and breaking also that trust, which is put\ninto their hands by their brethren."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a431416d488baf75a1962ff37a8f5e3e577e14fdbc6203e6c139bee6f388758e","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S232","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/232","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:966324690e2bf2a607701b4dfff9974596426a5c17d00210c36bfb5a12a8a76b","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 232. Whosoever uses force without right, as every one does in\nsociety, who does it without law, puts himself into a state of war with\nthose against whom he so uses it; and in that state all former ties are\ncancelled, all other rights cease, and every one has a right to defend\nhimself, and to resist the aggressor. This is so evident, that Barclay\nhimself, that great assertor of the power and sacredness of kings, is\nforced to confess, That it is lawful for the people, in some cases, to\nresist their king; and that too in a chapter, wherein he pretends to\nshew, that the divine law shuts up the people from all manner of\nrebellion. Whereby it is evident, even by his own doctrine, that, since\nthey may in some cases resist, all resisting of princes is not\nrebellion. His words are these. Quod siquis dicat, Ergone populus\ntyrannicae crudelitati & furori jugulum semper praebebit? Ergone\nmultitude civitates suas fame, ferro, & flamma vastari, seque, conjuges,\n& liberos fortunae ludibrio & tyranni libidini exponi, inque omnia vitae\npericula omnesque miserias & molestias a rege deduci patientur? Num\nillis quod omni animantium generi est a natura tributum, denegari debet,\nut sc. vim vi repellant, seseq; ab injuria, tueantur? Huic breviter\nresponsum sit, Populo universo negari defensionem, quae juris naturalis\nest, neque ultionem quae praeter naturam est adversus regem concedi\ndebere. Quapropter si rex non in singulares tantum personas aliquot\nprivatum odium exerceat, sed corpus etiam reipublicae, cujus ipse caput\nest, i.e. totum populum, vel insignem aliquam ejus partem immani &\nintoleranda saevitia seu tyrannide divexet; populo, quidem hoc casu\nresistendi ac tuendi se ab injuria potestas competit, sed tuendi se\ntantum, non enim in principem invadendi: & restituendae injuriae\nillatae, non recedendi a debita reverentia propter acceptam injuriam.\nPraesentem denique impetum propulsandi non vim praeteritam ulciscenti\njus habet. Horum enim alterum a natura est, ut vitam scilicet corpusque\ntueamur. Alterum vero contra naturam, ut inferior de superiori\nsupplicium sumat. Quod itaque populus malum, antequam factum sit,\nimpedire potest, ne fiat, id postquam factum est, in regem authorem\nsceleris vindicare non potest: populus igitur hoc amplius quam privatus\nquispiam habet: quod huic, vel ipsis adversariis judicibus, excepto\nBuchanano, nullum nisi in patientia remedium superest. Cum ille si\nintolerabilis tyrannus est (modicum enim ferre omnino debet) resistere\ncum reverentia possit, Barclay contra Monarchom. 1. iii. c. 8.\n\nIn English thus:"}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a9a6c9af23f8986547944f8d58c56bf4ad358b3524536403ebb91a36d9607f58","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S233","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/233","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:f0a3c72f2050d7b1a99dd500aa7c84f856fee7963df36cc1cefe1badd7f66912","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 233. But if any one should ask, Must the people then always lay\nthemselves open to the cruelty and rage of tyranny? Must they see their\ncities pillaged, and laid in ashes, their wives and children exposed to\nthe tyrant’s lust and fury, and themselves and families reduced by their\nking to ruin, and all the miseries of want and oppression, and yet sit\nstill? Must men alone be debarred the common privilege of opposing force\nwith force, which nature allows so freely to all other creatures for\ntheir preservation from injury? I answer: Self-defence is a part of the\nlaw of nature; nor can it be denied the community, even against the king\nhimself: but to revenge themselves upon him, must by no means be allowed\nthem; it being not agreeable to that law. Wherefore if the king shall\nshew an hatred, not only to some particular persons, but sets himself\nagainst the body of the commonwealth, whereof he is the head, and\nshall, with intolerable ill usage, cruelly tyrannize over the whole, or\na considerable part of the people, in this case the people have a right\nto resist and defend themselves from injury: but it must be with this\ncaution, that they only defend themselves, but do not attack their\nprince: they may repair the damages received, but must not for any\nprovocation exceed the bounds of due reverence and respect. They may\nrepulse the present attempt, but must not revenge past violences: for it\nis natural for us to defend life and limb, but that an inferior should\npunish a superior, is against nature. The mischief which is designed\nthem, the people may prevent before it be done; but when it is done,\nthey must not revenge it on the king, though author of the villany. This\ntherefore is the privilege of the people in general, above what any\nprivate person hath; that particular men are allowed by our adversaries\nthemselves (Buchanan only excepted) to have no other remedy but\npatience; but the body of the people may with respect resist intolerable\ntyranny; for when it is but moderate, they ought to endure it."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:b976dc0cee0c54a235e0650c8bbd83be96e41d00c4b16afe76222f8c6ef9588b","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S234","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/234","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:27af5098ca816a4c966baf34df64b36720be8e1d3c224154d8f05ef968d448a4","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 234. Thus far that great advocate of monarchical power allows of\nresistance."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:328e27f8301100b0002e90b3f59b4ab2de6958eb1011414846164d5c92a9d9fd","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S235","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/235","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:0b12b82702ead68c1f8113cb40c4511cb73e3c8456d59aae9c28aefb172c51d7","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 235. It is true, he has annexed two limitations to it, to no\npurpose:\n\nFirst, He says, it must be with reverence.\n\nSecondly, It must be without retribution, or punishment; and the reason\nhe gives is, because an inferior cannot punish a superior. First, How to\nresist force without striking again, or how to strike with reverence,\nwill need some skill to make intelligible. He that shall oppose an\nassault only with a shield to receive the blows, or in any more\nrespectful posture, without a sword in his hand, to abate the confidence\nand force of the assailant, will quickly be at an end of his resistance,\nand will find such a defence serve only to draw on himself the worse\nusage. This is as ridiculous a way of resisting, as juvenal thought it\nof fighting; ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum. And the success of the\ncombat will be unavoidably the same he there describes it:\n\n/*[4]\n      -----Libertas pauperis haec est:\n    Pulsatus rogat, et pugnis concisus, adorat,\n    Ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti.\n*/\n\nThis will always be the event of such an imaginary resistance, where men\nmay not strike again. He therefore who may resist, must be allowed to\nstrike. And then let our author, or any body else, join a knock on the\nhead, or a cut on the face, with as much reverence and respect as he\nthinks fit. He that can reconcile blows and reverence, may, for aught I\nknow, desire for his pains, a civil, respectful cudgeling where-ever he\ncan meet with it.\n\nSecondly, As to his second, An inferior cannot punish a superior; that\nis true, generally speaking, whilst he is his superior. But to resist\nforce with force, being the state of war that levels the parties,\ncancels all former relation of reverence, respect, and superiority: and\nthen the odds that remains, is, that he, who opposes the unjust\nagressor, has this superiority over him, that he has a right, when he\nprevails, to punish the offender, both for the breach of the peace, and\nall the evils that followed upon it. Barclay therefore, in another\nplace, more coherently to himself, denies it to be lawful to resist a\nking in any case. But he there assigns two cases, whereby a king may\nun-king himself. His words are,\n\nQuid ergo, nulline casus incidere possunt quibus populo sese erigere\natque in regem impotentius dominantem arma capere & invadere jure suo\nsuaque authoritate liceat? Nulli certe quamdiu rex manet. Semper enim ex\ndivinis id obstat, Regem honorificato; & qui potestati resistit, Dei\nordinationi resisit: non alias igitur in eum populo potestas est quam si\nid committat propter quod ipso jure rex esse desinat. Tunc enim se ipse\nprincipatu exuit atque in privatis constituit liber: hoc modo populus &\nsuperior efficitur, reverso ad eum sc. jure illo quod ante regem\ninauguratum in interregno habuit. At sunt paucorum generum commissa\nejusmodi quae hunc effectum pariunt. At ego cum plurima animo\nperlustrem, duo tantum invenio, duos, inquam, casus quibus rex ipso\nfacto ex rege non regem se facit & omni honore & dignitate regali atque\nin subditos potestate destituit; quorum etiam meminit Winzerus. Horum\nunus est, Si regnum disperdat, quemadmodum de Nerone fertur, quod is\nnempe senatum populumque Romanum, atque adeo urbem ipsam ferro flammaque\nvastare, ac novas sibi sedes quaerere decrevisset. Et de Caligula, quod\npalam denunciarit se neque civem neque principem senatui amplius fore,\ninque animo habuerit interempto utriusque ordinis electissimo quoque\nAlexandriam commigrare, ac ut populum uno ictu interimeret, unam ei\ncervicem optavit. Talia cum rex aliquis meditator & molitur serio, omnem\nregnandi curam & animum ilico abjicit, ac proinde imperium in subditos\namittit, ut dominus servi pro derelicto habiti dominium."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:b80616d08b1efe173adeb9b746a7fb3f67dcbc9d518a1617d4e7c2fe991ef6a7","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S236","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/236","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:ad30a1659a9d03c3002d27d3548ec701ecb2410de78796f32b31c192f1f75009","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 236. Alter casus est, Si rex in alicujus clientelam se contulit,\nac regnum quod liberum a majoribus & populo traditum accepit, alienae\nditioni mancipavit. Nam tunc quamvis forte non ea mente id agit populo\nplane ut incommodet: tamen quia quod praecipuum est regiae dignitatis\namifit, ut summus scilicet in regno secundum Deum sit, & solo Deo\ninferior, atque populum etiam totum ignorantem vel invitum, cujus\nlibertatem sartam & tectam conservare debuit, in alterius gentis\nditionem & potestatem dedidit; hac velut quadam regni ab alienatione\neffecit, ut nec quod ipse in regno imperium habuit retineat, nec in eum\ncui collatum voluit, juris quicquam transferat; atque ita eo facto\nliberum jam & suae potestatis populum relinquit, cujus rei exemplum unum\nannales Scotici suppeditant. Barclay contra Monarchom. 1. iii. c. 16.\n\nWhich in English runs thus:"}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:8a3ec95aa0a41de28f51e7f85e7ee0e43467c47e9c99951106e41604f02ea74e","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S237","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/237","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:77e20e46a0864681d251595db32280dd66fed40a8c3b5da59d3577a65650da37","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 237. What then, can there no case happen wherein the people may of\nright, and by their own authority, help themselves, take arms, and set\nupon their king, imperiously domineering over them? None at all, whilst\nhe remains a king. Honour the king, and he that resists the power,\nresists the ordinance of God; are divine oracles that will never permit\nit, The people therefore can never come by a power over him, unless he\ndoes something that makes him cease to be a king: for then he divests\nhimself of his crown and dignity, and returns to the state of a private\nman, and the people become free and superior, the power which they had\nin the interregnum, before they crowned him king, devolving to them\nagain. But there are but few miscarriages which bring the matter to this\nstate. After considering it well on all sides, I can find but two. Two\ncases there are, I say, whereby a king, ipso facto, becomes no king, and\nloses all power and regal authority over his people; which are also\ntaken notice of by Winzerus.\n\nThe first is, If he endeavour to overturn the government, that is, if he\nhave a purpose and design to ruin the kingdom and commonwealth, as it is\nrecorded of Nero, that he resolved to cut off the senate and people of\nRome, lay the city waste with fire and sword, and then remove to some\nother place. And of Caligula, that he openly declared, that he would be\nno longer a head to the people or senate, and that he had it in his\nthoughts to cut off the worthiest men of both ranks, and then retire to\nAlexandria: and he wisht that the people had but one neck, that he might\ndispatch them all at a blow, Such designs as these, when any king\nharbours in his thoughts, and seriously promotes, he immediately gives\nup all care and thought of the commonwealth; and consequently forfeits\nthe power of governing his subjects, as a master does the dominion over\nhis slaves whom he hath abandoned."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:1daa8d4eee1c8673e0f4a8b00436362b7fdfc06e090113f7f5882909ac7ac9ca","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S238","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/238","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:b4b42bba84e6c61f05511b443cab99351554259c28cf615cc2cd861dd322c26f","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 238. The other case is, When a king makes himself the dependent of\nanother, and subjects his kingdom which his ancestors left him, and the\npeople put free into his hands, to the dominion of another: for however\nperhaps it may not be his intention to prejudice the people; yet because\nhe has hereby lost the principal part of regal dignity, viz. to be next\nand immediately under God, supreme in his kingdom; and also because he\nbetrayed or forced his people, whose liberty he ought to have carefully\npreserved, into the power and dominion of a foreign nation. By this, as\nit were, alienation of his kingdom, he himself loses the power he had in\nit before, without transferring any the least right to those on whom he\nwould have bestowed it; and so by this act sets the people free, and\nleaves them at their own disposal. One example of this is to be found in\nthe Scotch Annals."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:1ed9a12b1b5c90b6a9cc436102a54750a7a80645e4ae1ef1eb8014a853677fac","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S239","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/239","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:53830cd57d3cde2b1ce6eb12310548b08cdf4592ec3f479f5788326916512f9b","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 239. In these cases Barclay, the great champion of absolute\nmonarchy, is forced to allow, that a king may be resisted, and ceases to\nbe a king. That is, in short, not to multiply cases, in whatsoever he\nhas no authority, there he is no king, and may be resisted: for\nwheresoever the authority ceases, the king ceases too, and becomes like\nother men who have no authority. And these two cases he instances in,\ndiffer little from those above mentioned, to be destructive to\ngovernments, only that he has omitted the principle from which his\ndoctrine flows: and that is, the breach of trust, in not preserving the\nform of government agreed on, and in not intending the end of government\nitself, which is the public good and preservation of property. When a\nking has dethroned himself, and put himself in a state of war with his\npeople, what shall hinder them from prosecuting him who is no king, as\nthey would any other man, who has put himself into a state of war with\nthem, Barclay, and those of his opinion, would do well to tell us. This\nfarther I desire may be taken notice of out of Barclay, that he says,\nThe mischief that is designed them, the people may prevent before it be\ndone: whereby he allows resistance when tyranny is but in design. Such\ndesigns as these (says he) when any king harbours in his thoughts and\nseriously promotes, he immediately gives up all care and thought of the\ncommonwealth; so that, according to him, the neglect of the public good\nis to be taken as an evidence of such design, or at least for a\nsufficient cause of resistance. And the reason of all, he gives in these\nwords, Because he betrayed or forced his people, whose liberty he ought\ncarefully to have preserved. What he adds, into the power and dominion\nof a foreign nation, signifies nothing, the fault and forfeiture lying\nin the loss of their liberty, which he ought to have preserved, and not\nin any distinction of the persons to whose dominion they were subjected.\nThe peoples right is equally invaded, and their liberty lost, whether\nthey are made slaves to any of their own, or a foreign nation; and in\nthis lies the injury, and against this only have they the right of\ndefence. And there are instances to be found in all countries, which\nshew, that it is not the change of nations in the persons of their\ngovernors, but the change of government, that gives the offence. Bilson,\na bishop of our church, and a great stickler for the power and\nprerogative of princes, does, if I mistake not, in his treatise of\nChristian subjection, acknowledge, that princes may forfeit their power,\nand their title to the obedience of their subjects; and if there needed\nauthority in a case where reason is so plain, I could send my reader to\nBracton, Fortescue, and the author of the Mirrour, and others, writers\nthat cannot be suspected to be ignorant of our government, or enemies to\nit. But I thought Hooker alone might be enough to satisfy those men, who\nrelying on him for their ecclesiastical polity, are by a strange fate\ncarried to deny those principles upon which he builds it. Whether they\nare herein made the tools of cunninger workmen, to pull down their own\nfabric, they were best look. This I am sure, their civil policy is so\nnew, so dangerous, and so destructive to both rulers and people, that as\nformer ages never could bear the broaching of it; so it may be hoped,\nthose to come, redeemed from the impositions of these Egyptian\nunder-task-masters, will abhor the memory of such servile flatterers,\nwho, whilst it seemed to serve their turn, resolved all government into\nabsolute tyranny, and would have all men born to, what their mean souls\nfitted them for, slavery."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:9b900fa3de4939efe9441162b085312efd796b3821b5588dccf618581c1202b8","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S240","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/240","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:d6296ae957e8ecb26d15793a5359376a368986da9c57a28a9b960e8fc1938c42","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 240. Here, it is like, the common question will be made, Who shall\nbe judge, whether the prince or legislative act contrary to their trust?\nThis, perhaps, ill-affected and factious men may spread amongst the\npeople, when the prince only makes use of his due prerogative. To this I\nreply, The people shall be judge; for who shall be judge whether his\ntrustee or deputy acts well, and according to the trust reposed in him,\nbut he who deputes him, and must, by having deputed him, have still a\npower to discard him, when he fails in his trust? If this be reasonable\nin particular cases of private men, why should it be otherwise in that\nof the greatest moment, where the welfare of millions is concerned, and\nalso where the evil, if not prevented, is greater, and the redress very\ndifficult, dear, and dangerous?"}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a71722513e316d5559301e5872098f5ae6c62025dcfd289790ff311eebbcec43","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S241","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/241","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:35743ca23454939cea9f4ddfe40c684094f497191628d85e17516129ba838e41","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 241. But farther, this question, (Who shall be judge?) cannot\nmean, that there is no judge at all: for where there is no judicature on\nearth, to decide controversies amongst men, God in heaven is judge. He\nalone, it is true, is judge of the right. But every man is judge for\nhimself, as in all other cases, so in this, whether another hath put\nhimself into a state of war with him, and whether he should appeal to\nthe Supreme Judge, as Jeptha did."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:4aff3d3551bb1bce970abeb49d41c5a2cda156e14fa2b3fbfea47679dbc753bd","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S242","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/242","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:34c4cdce0e917720661ee973217017e5b6fbd7fff5949e4462352f7285ee53dd","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 242. If a controversy arise betwixt a prince and some of the\npeople, in a matter where the law is silent, or doubtful, and the thing\nbe of great consequence, I should think the proper umpire, in such a\ncase, should be the body of the people: for in cases where the prince\nhath a trust reposed in him, and is dispensed from the common ordinary\nrules of the law; there, if any men find themselves aggrieved, and think\nthe prince acts contrary to, or beyond that trust, who so proper to\njudge as the body of the people, (who, at first, lodged that trust in\nhim) how far they meant it should extend? But if the prince, or whoever\nthey be in the administration, decline that way of determination, the\nappeal then lies no where but to heaven; force between either persons,\nwho have no known superior on earth, or which permits no appeal to a\njudge on earth, being properly a state of war, wherein the appeal lies\nonly to heaven; and in that state the injured party must judge for\nhimself, when he will think fit to make use of that appeal, and put\nhimself upon it."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:c8bc51759fac33e85bda07bfe3fb968db2e995337c25282c5856da2acdff8cd8","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S243","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/243","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:bf5c173d6d8eb5df9eb278159e6acb2551bad22402950f1bd0f6a7d2572a8ac6","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 243. To conclude, The power that every individual gave the\nsociety, when he entered into it, can never revert to the individuals\nagain, as long as the society lasts, but will always remain in the\ncommunity; because without this there can be no community, no\ncommonwealth, which is contrary to the original agreement: so also when\nthe society hath placed the legislative in any assembly of men, to\ncontinue in them and their successors, with direction and authority for\nproviding such successors, the legislative can never revert to the\npeople whilst that government lasts; because having provided a\nlegislative with power to continue for ever, they have given up their\npolitical power to the legislative, and cannot resume it. But if they\nhave set limits to the duration of their legislative, and made this\nsupreme power in any person, or assembly, only temporary; or else, when\nby the miscarriages of those in authority, it is forfeited; upon the\nforfeiture, or at the determination of the time set, it reverts to the\nsociety, and the people have a right to act as supreme, and continue the\nlegislative in themselves; or erect a new form, or under the old form\nplace it in new hands, as they think good."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:48030c4dd2e66362d4859a1da5cf34ef221599a23698d526c5395f5b1503bcc9","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S25","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/25","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:947502848cbd8935fe19d769f54691aef900d803f85e04669f6b42c287edc167","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 25. Whether we consider natural reason, which tells us, that men,\nbeing once born, have a right to their preservation, and consequently to\nmeat and drink, and such other things as nature affords for their\nsubsistence: or revelation, which gives us an account of those grants\nGod made of the world to Adam, and to Noah, and his sons, it is very\nclear, that God, as king David says, Psal. cxv. 16. has given the earth\nto the children of men; given it to mankind in common. But this being\nsupposed, it seems to some a very great difficulty, how any one should\never come to have a property in any thing: I will not content myself to\nanswer, that if it be difficult to make out property, upon a supposition\nthat God gave the world to Adam, and his posterity in common, it is\nimpossible that any man, but one universal monarch, should have any\nproperty upon a supposition, that God gave the world to Adam, and his\nheirs in succession, exclusive of all the rest of his posterity. But I\nshall endeavour to shew, how men might come to have a property in\nseveral parts of that which God gave to mankind in common, and that\nwithout any express compact of all the commoners."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:cc5ab7fea46a12f7fe1dcb2dad006b7e93ae053ea81f75381147cc8f7ad92372","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S26","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/26","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:bb952f134b0973dfb6cf17cbea555508ee90e312c7b7a81090d573c0e743e0e3","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 26. God, who hath given the world to men in common, hath also\ngiven them reason to make use of it to the best advantage of life, and\nconvenience. The earth, and all that is therein, is given to men for the\nsupport and comfort of their being. And tho’ all the fruits it naturally\nproduces, and beasts it feeds, belong to mankind in common, as they are\nproduced by the spontaneous hand of nature; and no body has originally a\nprivate dominion, exclusive of the rest of mankind, in any of them, as\nthey are thus in their natural state: yet being given for the use of\nmen, there must of necessity be a means to appropriate them some way or\nother, before they can be of any use, or at all beneficial to any\nparticular man. The fruit, or venison, which nourishes the wild Indian,\nwho knows no enclosure, and is still a tenant in common, must be his,\nand so his, i.e. a part of him, that another can no longer have any\nright to it, before it can do him any good for the support of his life."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:3a381530db49040f3a8cd296c3caa2783ba4f38e31f2d41b56e711897115a1e0","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S27","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/27","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5d864c886bfe2918cb3ea4695bc4de77d521044a879e6a3b837e2fbcbd85223f","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 27. Though the earth, and all inferior creatures, be common to all\nmen, yet every man has a property in his own person: this no body has\nany right to but himself. The labour of his body, and the work of his\nhands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of\nthe state that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his\nlabour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby\nmakes it his property. It being by him removed from the common state\nnature hath placed it in, it hath by this labour something annexed to\nit, that excludes the common right of other men: for this labour being\nthe unquestionable property of the labourer, no man but he can have a\nright to what that is once joined to, at least where there is enough,\nand as good, left in common for others."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:e3f5af15aa2f4281cf46c7eff3b322faaaf29c405fdd0201f1dd4aa3cf14ef86","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S28","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/28","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5069277df06d095b62e6a51e35d33c043f4e4d94d822ddb57786e474541844d8","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 28. He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up under an oak,\nor the apples he gathered from the trees in the wood, has certainly\nappropriated them to himself. No body can deny but the nourishment is\nhis. I ask then, when did they begin to be his? when he digested? or\nwhen he eat? or when he boiled? or when he brought them home? or when he\npicked them up? and it is plain, if the first gathering made them not\nhis, nothing else could. That labour put a distinction between them and\ncommon: that added something to them more than nature, the common mother\nof all, had done; and so they became his private right. And will any one\nsay, he had no right to those acorns or apples, he thus appropriated,\nbecause he had not the consent of all mankind to make them his? Was it a\nrobbery thus to assume to himself what belonged to all in common? If\nsuch a consent as that was necessary, man had starved, notwithstanding\nthe plenty God had given him. We see in commons, which remain so by\ncompact, that it is the taking any part of what is common, and removing\nit out of the state nature leaves it in, which begins the property;\nwithout which the common is of no use. And the taking of this or that\npart, does not depend on the express consent of all the commoners. Thus\nthe grass my horse has bit; the turfs my servant has cut; and the ore I\nhave digged in any place, where I have a right to them in common with\nothers, become my property, without the assignation or consent of any\nbody. The labour that was mine, removing them out of that common state\nthey were in, hath fixed my property in them."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:aef30f1250c8a498d98de31e71e5a967a1df9e43e89f5abaee1c304389767120","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S29","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/29","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:f8f7e9a59cb4f2ec5d603064784680405bd79ed616583e608932fb92f15e13b0","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 29. By making an explicit consent of every commoner, necessary to\nany one’s appropriating to himself any part of what is given in common,\nchildren or servants could not cut the meat, which their father or\nmaster had provided for them in common, without assigning to every one\nhis peculiar part. Though the water running in the fountain be every\none’s, yet who can doubt, but that in the pitcher is his only who drew\nit out? His labour hath taken it out of the hands of nature, where it\nwas common, and belonged equally to all her children, and hath thereby\nappropriated it to himself."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:88e9c873c9d95ce7b64b9e78e7b1aeed2879e700311c2567740521a7bba0276f","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S30","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/30","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5e6048f4e73c847146263753fd210ec2c2ed20cdcf6be60c5629096e0afdb075","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 30. Thus this law of reason makes the deer that Indian’s who hath\nkilled it; it is allowed to be his goods, who hath bestowed his labour\nupon it, though before it was the common right of every one. And amongst\nthose who are counted the civilized part of mankind, who have made and\nmultiplied positive laws to determine property, this original law of\nnature, for the beginning of property, in what was before common, still\ntakes place; and by virtue thereof, what fish any one catches in the\nocean, that great and still remaining common of mankind; or what\nambergrise any one takes up here, is by the labour that removes it out\nof that common state nature left it in, made his property, who takes\nthat pains about it. And even amongst us, the hare that any one is\nhunting, is thought his who pursues her during the chase: for being a\nbeast that is still looked upon as common, and no man’s private\npossession; whoever has employed so much labour about any of that kind,\nas to find and pursue her, has thereby removed her from the state of\nnature, wherein she was common, and hath begun a property."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:9b4a98bb8266f9f4571da11c4f840ef67fbb92815d4b54cdced3456766f8e56e","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S31","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/31","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:dd3a6d5cf43a7ea7d588010520201ec74a43e4e4fc3a0f627c5ff4825b1cd7ea","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 31. It will perhaps be objected to this, that if gathering the\nacorns, or other fruits of the earth, &c. makes a right to them, then\nany one may ingross as much as he will. To which I answer, Not so. The\nsame law of nature, that does by this means give us property, does also\nbound that property too. God has given us all things richly, 1 Tim. vi.\n12. is the voice of reason confirmed by inspiration. But how far has he\ngiven it us? To enjoy. As much as any one can make use of to any\nadvantage of life before it spoils, so much he may by his labour fix a\nproperty in: whatever is beyond this, is more than his share, and\nbelongs to others. Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy.\nAnd thus, considering the plenty of natural provisions there was a long\ntime in the world, and the few spenders; and to how small a part of that\nprovision the industry of one man could extend itself, and ingross it to\nthe prejudice of others; especially keeping within the bounds, set by\nreason, of what might serve for his use; there could be then little room\nfor quarrels or contentions about property so established."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:40a27a38499a1d0c456ca64e2b7997dfa32a57180870f3dc76e1bfed5ee013a6","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S32","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/32","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:bef256b5dc71458584f9c2dec37f427baf3080282e7c8065821b01affff649de","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 32. But the chief matter of property being now not the fruits of\nthe earth, and the beasts that subsist on it, but the earth itself; as\nthat which takes in and carries with it all the rest; I think it is\nplain, that property in that too is acquired as the former. As much land\nas a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product\nof, so much is his property. He by his labour does, as it were, inclose\nit from the common. Nor will it invalidate his right, to say every body\nelse has an equal title to it; and therefore he cannot appropriate, he\ncannot inclose, without the consent of all his fellow-commoners, all\nmankind. God, when he gave the world in common to all mankind, commanded\nman also to labour, and the penury of his condition required it of him.\nGod and his reason commanded him to subdue the earth, i.e. improve it\nfor the benefit of life, and therein lay out something upon it that was\nhis own, his labour. He that in obedience to this command of God,\nsubdued, tilled and sowed any part of it, thereby annexed to it\nsomething that was his property, which another had no title to, nor\ncould without injury take from him."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:faf74670b1408d2a02db60d4eed6b165145c3c4a820a30629d4a1190c6156b03","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S33","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/33","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:7d5b24ecfa52a7eaa7a6a15d7a449d572f7a12691bae43086571ab5844906421","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 33. Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of land, by improving\nit, any prejudice to any other man, since there was still enough, and as\ngood left; and more than the yet unprovided could use. So that, in\neffect, there was never the less left for others because of his\nenclosure for himself: for he that leaves as much as another can make\nuse of, does as good as take nothing at all. No body could think himself\ninjured by the drinking of another man, though he took a good draught,\nwho had a whole river of the same water left him to quench his thirst:\nand the case of land and water, where there is enough of both, is\nperfectly the same."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:3b32ec5945f2e19e2d647354968fec8798c2f0091a27f60c9380177698f6304f","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S34","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/34","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:18cbd9b6e2107d593832d502ec477a71d07ad88e50fdf61d6e409d07e35d1e37","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 34. God gave the world to men in common; but since he gave it them\nfor their benefit, and the greatest conveniencies of life they were\ncapable to draw from it, it cannot be supposed he meant it should always\nremain common and uncultivated. He gave it to the use of the industrious\nand rational, (and labour was to be his title to it;) not to the fancy\nor covetousness of the quarrelsome and contentious. He that had as good\nleft for his improvement, as was already taken up, needed not complain,\nought not to meddle with what was already improved by another’s labour:\nif he did, it is plain he desired the benefit of another’s pains, which\nhe had no right to, and not the ground which God had given him in common\nwith others to labour on, and whereof there was as good left, as that\nalready possessed, and more than he knew what to do with, or his\nindustry could reach to."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:e4445e3952fcb908346a961362cf7e906ba9a4f4bf7a1fc7a1418bd49f39f3d1","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S35","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/35","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:3c5a05ead43db1902ee69d75354eea9f18e9cb0cc11256921c8a6fab5ed7b579","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 35. It is true, in land that is common in England, or any other\ncountry, where there is plenty of people under government, who have\nmoney and commerce, no one can inclose or appropriate any part, without\nthe consent of all his fellow-commoners; because this is left common by\ncompact, i.e. by the law of the land, which is not to be violated. And\nthough it be common, in respect of some men, it is not so to all\nmankind; but is the joint property of this country, or this parish.\nBesides, the remainder, after such enclosure, would not be as good to\nthe rest of the commoners, as the whole was when they could all make use\nof the whole; whereas in the beginning and first peopling of the great\ncommon of the world, it was quite otherwise. The law man was under, was\nrather for appropriating. God commanded, and his wants forced him to\nlabour. That was his property which could not be taken from him\nwhere-ever he had fixed it. And hence subduing or cultivating the earth,\nand having dominion, we see are joined together. The one gave title to\nthe other. So that God, by commanding to subdue, gave authority so far\nto appropriate: and the condition of human life, which requires labour\nand materials to work on, necessarily introduces private possessions."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:657e9579811820f2349cc29e80aa726088f6ff29602f7eb7234f39c7736e5890","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S36","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/36","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:6eeb1150cf2f92e503cbebe533bc3f112e1e17dfa4acc9ed543b1510b46ef50e","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 36. The measure of property nature has well set by the extent of\nmen’s labour and the conveniencies of life: no man’s labour could\nsubdue, or appropriate all; nor could his enjoyment consume more than a\nsmall part; so that it was impossible for any man, this way, to intrench\nupon the right of another, or acquire to himself a property, to the\nprejudice of his neighbour, who would still have room for as good, and\nas large a possession (after the other had taken out his) as before it\nwas appropriated. This measure did confine every man’s possession to a\nvery moderate proportion, and such as he might appropriate to himself,\nwithout injury to any body, in the first ages of the world, when men\nwere more in danger to be lost, by wandering from their company, in the\nthen vast wilderness of the earth, than to be straitened for want of\nroom to plant in. And the same measure may be allowed still without\nprejudice to any body, as full as the world seems: for supposing a man,\nor family, in the state they were at first peopling of the world by the\nchildren of Adam, or Noah; let him plant in some inland, vacant places\nof America, we shall find that the possessions he could make himself,\nupon the measures we have given, would not be very large, nor, even to\nthis day, prejudice the rest of mankind, or give them reason to\ncomplain, or think themselves injured by this man’s incroachment, though\nthe race of men have now spread themselves to all the corners of the\nworld, and do infinitely exceed the small number was at the beginning.\nNay, the extent of ground is of so little value, without labour, that I\nhave heard it affirmed, that in Spain itself a man may be permitted to\nplough, sow and reap, without being disturbed, upon land he has no other\ntitle to, but only his making use of it. But, on the contrary, the\ninhabitants think themselves beholden to him, who, by his industry on\nneglected, and consequently waste land, has increased the stock of corn,\nwhich they wanted. But be this as it will, which I lay no stress on;\nthis I dare boldly affirm, that the same rule of propriety, (viz.) that\nevery man should have as much as he could make use of, would hold still\nin the world, without straitening any body; since there is land enough\nin the world to suffice double the inhabitants, had not the invention of\nmoney, and the tacit agreement of men to put a value on it, introduced\n(by consent) larger possessions, and a right to them; which, how it has\ndone, I shall by and by shew more at large."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:1f1bfb9116e5249448644500791c5409f3e2877261a9186e66cbe0d489fdf9f4","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S37","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/37","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:3b98d7d1504e2593a317cb14b5970a33b353ba861c91d69f2da4a4f4455d1baa","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 37. This is certain, that in the beginning, before the desire of\nhaving more than man needed had altered the intrinsic value of things,\nwhich depends only on their usefulness to the life of man; or had\nagreed, that a little piece of yellow metal, which would keep without\nwasting or decay, should be worth a great piece of flesh, or a whole\nheap of corn; though men had a right to appropriate, by their labour,\neach one of himself, as much of the things of nature, as he could use:\nyet this could not be much, nor to the prejudice of others, where the\nsame plenty was still left to those who would use the same industry. To\nwhich let me add, that he who appropriates land to himself by his\nlabour, does not lessen, but increase the common stock of mankind: for\nthe provisions serving to the support of human life, produced by one\nacre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compass)\nten times more than those which are yielded by an acre of land of an\nequal richness lying waste in common. And therefore he that incloses\nland, and has a greater plenty of the conveniencies of life from ten\nacres, than he could have from an hundred left to nature, may truly be\nsaid to give ninety acres to mankind: for his labour now supplies him\nwith provisions out of ten acres, which were but the product of an\nhundred lying in common. I have here rated the improved land very low,\nin making its product but as ten to one, when it is much nearer an\nhundred to one: for I ask, whether in the wild woods and uncultivated\nwaste of America, left to nature, without any improvement, tillage or\nhusbandry, a thousand acres yield the needy and wretched inhabitants as\nmany conveniencies of life, as ten acres of equally fertile land do in\nDevonshire, where they are well cultivated?\n\nBefore the appropriation of land, he who gathered as much of the wild\nfruit, killed, caught, or tamed, as many of the beasts, as he could; he\nthat so imployed his pains about any of the spontaneous products of\nnature, as any way to alter them from the state which nature put them\nin, by placing any of his labour on them, did thereby acquire a\npropriety in them: but if they perished, in his possession, without\ntheir due use; if the fruits rotted, or the venison putrified, before he\ncould spend it, he offended against the common law of nature, and was\nliable to be punished; he invaded his neighbour’s share, for he had no\nright, farther than his use called for any of them, and they might serve\nto afford him conveniencies of life."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:af717c5a90c0441b7b405080d3cbcc39cf939550ae6c0d867afeb201081fbe6d","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S38","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/38","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:e40a6215d0bd611b85d09c34eac5cb639fabd654effa59c093b3e06a07227897","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 38. The same measures governed the possession of land too:\nwhatsoever he tilled and reaped, laid up and made use of, before it\nspoiled, that was his peculiar right; whatsoever he enclosed, and could\nfeed, and make use of, the cattle and product was also his. But if\neither the grass of his enclosure rotted on the ground, or the fruit of\nhis planting perished without gathering, and laying up, this part of the\nearth, notwithstanding his enclosure, was still to be looked on as\nwaste, and might be the possession of any other. Thus, at the beginning,\nCain might take as much ground as he could till, and make it his own\nland, and yet leave enough to Abel’s sheep to feed on; a few acres would\nserve for both their possessions. But as families increased, and\nindustry inlarged their stocks, their possessions inlarged with the need\nof them; but yet it was commonly without any fixed property in the\nground they made use of, till they incorporated, settled themselves\ntogether, and built cities; and then, by consent, they came in time, to\nset out the bounds of their distinct territories, and agree on limits\nbetween them and their neighbours; and by laws within themselves,\nsettled the properties of those of the same society: for we see, that in\nthat part of the world which was first inhabited, and therefore like to\nbe best peopled, even as low down as Abraham’s time, they wandered with\ntheir flocks, and their herds, which was their substance, freely up and\ndown; and this Abraham did, in a country where he was a stranger. Whence\nit is plain, that at least a great part of the land lay in common; that\nthe inhabitants valued it not, nor claimed property in any more than\nthey made use of. But when there was not room enough in the same place,\nfor their herds to feed together, they by consent, as Abraham and Lot\ndid, Gen. xiii. 5. separated and inlarged their pasture, where it best\nliked them. And for the same reason Esau went from his father, and his\nbrother, and planted in mount Seir, Gen. xxxvi. 6."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:e6f2f827f4245bcec77b908a8515b4d145a00dba488395023d2b46d9f24b466a","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S39","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/39","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:97d8f0b93358696977b47fda20437de2ad944c14766a2a7c680f098469375409","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 39. And thus, without supposing any private dominion, and property\nin Adam, over all the world, exclusive of all other men, which can no\nway be proved, nor any one’s property be made out from it; but supposing\nthe world given, as it was, to the children of men in common, we see how\nlabour could make men distinct titles to several parcels of it, for\ntheir private uses; wherein there could be no doubt of right, no room\nfor quarrel."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:51356c56c6379bbaf41dc8e139ac2edc2d1a4c3fa9d91ef75e834c9f5b748c28","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S40","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/40","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:67c49a67ba3fa3196e013555085aa3969f3828bac3158eb12ccc87feb756bc3b","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 40. Nor is it so strange, as perhaps before consideration it may\nappear, that the property of labour should be able to over-balance the\ncommunity of land: for it is labour indeed that puts the difference of\nvalue on every thing; and let any one consider what the difference is\nbetween an acre of land planted with tobacco or sugar, sown with wheat\nor barley, and an acre of the same land lying in common, without any\nhusbandry upon it, and he will find, that the improvement of labour\nmakes the far greater part of the value. I think it will be but a very\nmodest computation to say, that of the products of the earth useful to\nthe life of man nine tenths are the effects of labour: nay, if we will\nrightly estimate things as they come to our use, and cast up the several\nexpences about them, what in them is purely owing to nature, and what to\nlabour, we shall find, that in most of them ninety-nine hundredths are\nwholly to be put on the account of labour."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:850624931b6d1384d6e4f08dfeccc60f1955cc4409227323967ae395818aae63","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S41","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/41","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:8036c201bc598a7623879c7a19cef5af1b93e98cacddec296a84e499d26d5e5a","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 41. There cannot be a clearer demonstration of any thing, than\nseveral nations of the Americans are of this, who are rich in land, and\npoor in all the comforts of life; whom nature having furnished as\nliberally as any other people, with the materials of plenty, i.e. a\nfruitful soil, apt to produce in abundance, what might serve for food,\nraiment, and delight; yet for want of improving it by labour, have not\none hundredth part of the conveniencies we enjoy: and a king of a large\nand fruitful territory there, feeds, lodges, and is clad worse than a\nday-labourer in England."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:c717199b89acd4c6e226b561f5b30f027c8a9f826b1b2adb4734839089ad4153","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S42","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/42","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:f6cf8933cc75a4a7b5cbce2c4f540f00289f161bc3fcc2be6536f9317a9c0970","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 42. To make this a little clearer, let us but trace some of the\nordinary provisions of life, through their several progresses, before\nthey come to our use, and see how much they receive of their value from\nhuman industry. Bread, wine and cloth, are things of daily use, and\ngreat plenty; yet notwithstanding, acorns, water and leaves, or skins,\nmust be our bread, drink and cloathing, did not labour furnish us with\nthese more useful commodities: for whatever bread is more worth than\nacorns, wine than water, and cloth or silk, than leaves, skins or moss,\nthat is wholly owing to labour and industry; the one of these being the\nfood and raiment which unassisted nature furnishes us with; the other,\nprovisions which our industry and pains prepare for us, which how much\nthey exceed the other in value, when any one hath computed, he will then\nsee how much labour makes the far greatest part of the value of things\nwe enjoy in this world: and the ground which produces the materials, is\nscarce to be reckoned in, as any, or at most, but a very small part of\nit; so little, that even amongst us, land that is left wholly to nature,\nthat hath no improvement of pasturage, tillage, or planting, is called,\nas indeed it is, waste; and we shall find the benefit of it amount to\nlittle more than nothing.\n\nThis shews how much numbers of men are to be preferred to largeness of\ndominions; and that the increase of lands, and the right employing of\nthem, is the great art of government: and that prince, who shall be so\nwise and godlike, as by established laws of liberty to secure protection\nand encouragement to the honest industry of mankind, against the\noppression of power and narrowness of party, will quickly be too hard\nfor his neighbours: but this by the by.\n\nTo return to the argument in hand."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:195e5072246b4d2b795ff538476e97c55a577db85c153ba463c1a09db810ec08","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S43","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/43","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:11908d28d55a46ff71232ff3c43817b708cbac4750663cad915023cbbde07ad4","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 43. An acre of land, that bears here twenty bushels of wheat, and\nanother in America, which, with the same husbandry, would do the like,\nare, without doubt, of the same natural intrinsic value: but yet the\nbenefit mankind receives from the one in a year, is worth 5l. and from\nthe other possibly not worth a penny, if all the profit an Indian\nreceived from it were to be valued, and sold here; at least, I may truly\nsay, not one thousandth. It is labour then which puts the greatest part\nof value upon land, without which it would scarcely be worth any thing:\nit is to that we owe the greatest part of all its useful products; for\nall that the straw, bran, bread, of that acre of wheat, is more worth\nthan the product of an acre of as good land, which lies waste, is all\nthe effect of labour: for it is not barely the plough-man’s pains, the\nreaper’s and thresher’s toil, and the baker’s sweat, is to be counted\ninto the bread we eat; the labour of those who broke the oxen, who\ndigged and wrought the iron and stones, who felled and framed the timber\nemployed about the plough, mill, oven, or any other utensils, which are\na vast number, requisite to this corn, from its being feed to be sown to\nits being made bread, must all be charged on the account of labour, and\nreceived as an effect of that: nature and the earth furnished only the\nalmost worthless materials, as in themselves. It would be a strange\ncatalogue of things, that industry provided and made use of, about every\nloaf of bread, before it came to our use, if we could trace them; iron,\nwood, leather, bark, timber, stone, bricks, coals, lime, cloth, dying\ndrugs, pitch, tar, masts, ropes, and all the materials made use of in\nthe ship, that brought any of the commodities made use of by any of the\nworkmen, to any part of the work; all which it would be almost\nimpossible, at least too long, to reckon up."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a0c5cd55794646b580eb67664d6d46b8743b5c5084c9b9d2aca17c19c029a258","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S44","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/44","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:ce3ba4e9a82f1eab49ce5a78f56e923652000122b3a6fe359be7fb8404f3dff3","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 44. From all which it is evident, that though the things of nature\nare given in common, yet man, by being master of himself, and proprietor\nof his own person, and the actions or labour of it, had still in himself\nthe great foundation of property; and that, which made up the great part\nof what he applied to the support or comfort of his being, when\ninvention and arts had improved the conveniencies of life, was perfectly\nhis own, and did not belong in common to others."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:b79a03e9fc303e6ff911c49a53f2273f79786ae0b1a4303ded1130dde860b9ae","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S45","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/45","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:2209062c11bebc91e08fdc6b8171d59afac499ab0c713ecd20087b860c3730d8","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 45. Thus labour, in the beginning, gave a right of property,\nwherever any one was pleased to employ it upon what was common, which\nremained a long while the far greater part, and is yet more than mankind\nmakes use of. Men, at first, for the most part, contented themselves\nwith what unassisted nature offered to their necessities: and though\nafterwards, in some parts of the world, (where the increase of people\nand stock, with the use of money, had made land scarce, and so of some\nvalue) the several communities settled the bounds of their distinct\nterritories, and by laws within themselves regulated the properties of\nthe private men of their society, and so, by compact and agreement,\nsettled the property which labour and industry began; and the leagues\nthat have been made between several states and kingdoms, either expresly\nor tacitly disowning all claim and right to the land in the others\npossession, have, by common consent, given up their pretences to their\nnatural common right, which originally they had to those countries, and\nso have, by positive agreement, settled a property amongst themselves,\nin distinct parts and parcels of the earth; yet there are still great\ntracts of ground to be found, which (the inhabitants thereof not having\njoined with the rest of mankind, in the consent of the use of their\ncommon money) lie waste, and are more than the people who dwell on it\ndo, or can make use of, and so still lie in common; tho’ this can scarce\nhappen amongst that part of mankind that have consented to the use of\nmoney."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:ba9628c79e8971cb475ba094673fdb0584afa6b7193838cdab599df8feecd3ea","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S46","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/46","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:5b86ae96a40b7178227171cc4e01022c1d7f6f755f4c527df26b8f14c581961f","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 46. The greatest part of things really useful to the life of man,\nand such as the necessity of subsisting made the first commoners of the\nworld look after, as it doth the Americans now, are generally things of\nshort duration; such as, if they are not consumed by use, will decay and\nperish of themselves: gold, silver and diamonds, are things that fancy\nor agreement hath put the value on, more than real use, and the\nnecessary support of life. Now of those good things which nature hath\nprovided in common, every one had a right (as hath been said) to as much\nas he could use, and property in all that he could effect with his\nlabour; all that his industry could extend to, to alter from the state\nnature had put it in, was his. He that gathered a hundred bushels of\nacorns or apples, had thereby a property in them, they were his goods as\nsoon as gathered. He was only to look, that he used them before they\nspoiled, else he took more than his share, and robbed others. And indeed\nit was a foolish thing, as well as dishonest, to hoard up more than he\ncould make use of. If he gave away a part to any body else, so that it\nperished not uselesly in his possession, these he also made use of. And\nif he also bartered away plums, that would have rotted in a week, for\nnuts that would last good for his eating a whole year, he did no injury;\nhe wasted not the common stock; destroyed no part of the portion of\ngoods that belonged to others, so long as nothing perished uselesly in\nhis hands. Again, if he would give his nuts for a piece of metal,\npleased with its colour; or exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a\nsparkling pebble or a diamond, and keep those by him all his life he\ninvaded not the right of others, he might heap up as much of these\ndurable things as he pleased; the exceeding of the bounds of his just\nproperty not lying in the largeness of his possession, but the perishing\nof any thing uselesly in it."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:75d7254ba80a663e1e58079dbc820372be57d6aadf0975a2f43301d8e56fbc1a","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S47","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/47","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:895b2ef142ce65f05be8ce82629b77c9e33f69a5cfdb7286e38466dbeb0c8dbd","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 47. And thus came in the use of money, some lasting thing that men\nmight keep without spoiling, and that by mutual consent men would take\nin exchange for the truly useful, but perishable supports of life."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:05f002c438cae5bb940e0a7fd36465860964d8581865f2709586a2cd171de9d2","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S48","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/48","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:d3fcfbdeeb246f6be136cc1921e4687e74e1d7a7c6f679b37138254fff6cdd4c","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 48. And as different degrees of industry were apt to give men\npossessions in different proportions, so this invention of money gave\nthem the opportunity to continue and enlarge them: for supposing an\nisland, separate from all possible commerce with the rest of the world,\nwherein there were but an hundred families, but there were sheep, horses\nand cows, with other useful animals, wholsome fruits, and land enough\nfor corn for a hundred thousand times as many, but nothing in the\nisland, either because of its commonness, or perishableness, fit to\nsupply the place of money; what reason could any one have there to\nenlarge his possessions beyond the use of his family, and a plentiful\nsupply to its consumption, either in what their own industry produced,\nor they could barter for like perishable, useful commodities, with\nothers? Where there is not some thing, both lasting and scarce, and so\nvaluable to be hoarded up, there men will not be apt to enlarge their\npossessions of land, were it never so rich, never so free for them to\ntake: for I ask, what would a man value ten thousand, or an hundred\nthousand acres of excellent land, ready cultivated, and well stocked too\nwith cattle, in the middle of the inland parts of America, where he had\nno hopes of commerce with other parts of the world, to draw money to him\nby the sale of the product? It would not be worth the enclosing, and we\nshould see him give up again to the wild common of nature, whatever was\nmore than would supply the conveniencies of life to be had there for him\nand his family."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:a8ef86f5335e95db525e49dbb50d4135a08ba672b8eb834b3e1a6f6b04e8951a","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S49","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/49","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:58f7ad80cc82c57a74e029db34380072f71d4b6653e9f6ff3adf037c6728f243","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 49. Thus in the beginning all the world was America, and more so\nthan that is now; for no such thing as money was any where known. Find\nout something that hath the use and value of money amongst his\nneighbours, you shall see the same man will begin presently to enlarge\nhis possessions."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:4ba027ffe64d2a1ca572f86c7ecac7e8ce640ec3b409bef7a639cef042c74e13","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S50","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/50","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:40fdc957dbe4c9940ad6a7af0cc75f540ebac487d16bc70c2701602b55745d21","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 50. But since gold and silver, being little useful to the life of\nman in proportion to food, raiment, and carriage, has its value only\nfrom the consent of men, whereof labour yet makes, in great part, the\nmeasure, it is plain, that men have agreed to a disproportionate and\nunequal possession of the earth, they having, by a tacit and voluntary\nconsent, found out, a way how a man may fairly possess more land than he\nhimself can use the product of, by receiving in exchange for the\noverplus gold and silver, which may be hoarded up without injury to any\none; these metals not spoiling or decaying in the hands of the\npossessor. This partage of things in an inequality of private\npossessions, men have made practicable out of the bounds of society, and\nwithout compact, only by putting a value on gold and silver, and tacitly\nagreeing in the use of money: for in governments, the laws regulate the\nright of property, and the possession of land is determined by positive\nconstitutions."}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:861f0a005a412b8d67ea0513092189d10c89cf1fa2a6c42b8382590250ebc98c","edition":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#SECOND_TREATISE_1764","fragmentKind":"section","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S51","kind":"fragment","locator":"section/51","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","texts":[{"contentHash":"sha256:ce6a4effa951495b75f1534100e8f6ef815e78065e7029cad8ad7944d25dadcc","language":"en","status":"official","text":"Sect. 51. And thus, I think, it is very easy to conceive, without any\ndifficulty, how labour could at first begin a title of property in the\ncommon things of nature, and how the spending it upon our uses bounded\nit. So that there could then be no reason of quarrelling about title,\nnor any doubt about the largeness of possession it gave. Right and\nconveniency went together; for as a man had a right to all he could\nemploy his labour upon, so he had no temptation to labour for more than\nhe could make use of. This left no room for controversy about the title,\nnor for encroachment on the right of others; what portion a man carved\nto himself, was easily seen; and it was useless, as well as dishonest,\nto carve himself too much, or take more than he needed."}]},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S27"],"body":{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#property_in_own_person"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},"contentHash":"sha256:2e84d2afcf3616224d9d538545c7e46c2c5ac3b7cc8070764a18e2318c4c5452","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#labour_is_his"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LabourIsHisOwn","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"the labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Person"}}]},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S28"],"body":{"items":[{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#laboured_upon"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#in_common"},"kind":"status","status":"established"}],"kind":"and"},"contentHash":"sha256:854c6061b9875730ce295de230e9eab6828ca2a83c92936123d45040f365a0e3","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#removed_from_common"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LabourRemovesFromCommon","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"it is the taking any part of what is common, and removing it out of the state nature leaves it in, which begins the property; and the taking of this or that part, does not depend on the express consent of all the commoners"}],"package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","scope":{"kind":"boolean","value":true},"strength":"strict","variables":[{"id":"v0","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Person"}},{"id":"v1","type":{"name":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Thing"}}]},{"contentHash":"sha256:b52467f1be86469a78d1179bfd936ec3dbeda7e65e06765e9f90fcf11a9ae8f4","id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#Legislative","kind":"type_decl","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"the legislative"}],"name":"Legislative","package":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise","typeKind":"entity"},{"anchors":["urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LOCKE_S240"],"body":{"items":[{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_acts_contrary_to_trust"},"kind":"status","status":"established"},{"formula":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"},{"kind":"var","var":"v1"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_of"},"kind":"status","status":"established"}],"kind":"and"},"contentHash":"sha256:7fee258d9077ae365f0026fbe9dcca13eaa69b028d81212ea3816b50a0016d38","head":{"args":[{"kind":"var","var":"v0"}],"kind":"literal","polarity":"positive","predicate":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#legislative_trust_broken_established"},"id":"urn:locke:clir:second-treatise#LegislativeTrustBrokenEstablished","interpretations":[],"kind":"rule","labels":[{"language":"en","status":"official","text":"who shall be judge, whether the legislative act contrary to their trust? 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